CARDIAC ULTRASOUND

 

 

 

 

 

RECEPTORS-NERVOUS SYSTEM-ACCION

	Receptor	Major Functions
Sympathetic	α 1	↑ vascular smooth muscle contraction, ↑ pupillary dilator muscle contraction (mydriasis)
	α 2	↓ sympathetic outflow, ↓ insulin release
	β 1	↑ heart rate, ↑ contractibility, ↑ renin release, ↑ lipolysis
	β 2	Vasodilatation, bronchodilatation, ↑ heart rate, ↑ contractibility, ↑ lipolysis, ↑ glucagon release, ↓ uterine tone
Para-sympathetic	M 1 M 2 M 3	CNS, enteric nervous system ↓ heart rate and contractibility of atria ↑ exocrine gland secretions, ↑ gut peristalsis, ↑ bladder contraction, bronchoconstriction, ↑ pupillary sphincter muscle contraction (miosis), ciliary muscle contraction (accommodation)
Dopamine	D 1	Relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle
	D 2	Modulates transmitter release, especially in brain
Histamine	H1	↑ nasal and bronchial mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus and pain
	H 2	↑ gastric acid secretion
Vasopressin	V 1	↑ vascular smooth muscle contraction
	V 2	↑ H2O permeability and reabsorption in the collecting tubules of the kidney

Bibliography

Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Grimm, L. (2009). First AID for the USMLE STEP 1. USA: McGraw Hill.

 

NORMAL PRESSURES OF THE CARDIAC CHAMBERS

retrieved from:

Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Grimm, L. (2009). First AID for the USMLE STEP 1. USA: McGraw Hill.

 

AUSCULTATION OF THE HEART

retrieved from:

Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Grimm, L. (2009). First AID for the USMLE STEP 1. USA: McGraw Hill.

 

CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY

MEDICAL FACTS

“FAT, FEMALE, FORTY,AND FERTILE”	ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
FATTY LIVER	ALCOHOLISM
FERRUGINOUS BODIES	ASBESTOSIS
GARDNER’S SYNDROME	COLON POLYPS WITH OSTEOMAS AND SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
GAUCHER’S DISEASE	GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE DEFICIENCY
GHON FOCUS	1 ͦ TB
GILBERT’S SYNDROME	BENIGN CONGENITAL UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
GLANZMANN’S THROMBASTHEMIA	DEFECT IN PLATELET AGGREGATION
GOODPASTURE’S SYNDROME	AUTOANTIBODIES AGAINST ALVEOLAR AND GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE PROTEINS
GOWERS’ MANEUVER	DUCHENNE’S (USE OF PATIENT’S ARM TO HELP LEGS PICK SELF OFF THE FLOOR)
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME	IDIOPATHIC POLYNEURITIS
“HAIR-ON-END” (CREW-CUT) APPEARANCE ON X-RAY	β THALASSEMIA, SICKLE CELL ANEMIA (EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS)
HAND-SCHϋLLER-CHRISTIAN DISEASE	CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE HISTIOCYTOSIS
HbF	THALASSEMIA MAJOR
HbS	SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
hCG elevated	CHORIOCARCINOMA, HYDATIDIFORM MOLE (OCCUR WITH AND WITHOUT EMBRYO)
HEBERDEN’S NODES	OSTEOARTHRITIS (DIP SWELLING 2   ͦ TO OSTEOPHYTES)
HEINZ BODIES	G6PD DEFICIENCY
HENOCH-SCHӦNLEIN PURPURA	HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS ASSOCIATED WITH HEMORRHAGIC URTICARIA AND URIs
HETEROPHIL ANTIBODIES	INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (EBV)
HIGH OUTPUT CARDIAC FAILURE (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY)	WET BERIBERI (THIAMINE, VITAMIN B1 EFICIENCY)

Bibliography

Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Grimm, L. (2009). First AID for the USMLE STEP 1. USA: McGraw Hill.